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Location: Inside the Arctic Circle, along the northernmost Alaska Canada border. Established: 1960 as the Arctic National Wildlife Range. Habitat: 19.2 million acres of coastal lagoons, barrier islands, arctic tundra, foothills, mountains, and boreal forests cut by braided rivers and streams with clusters of shallow freshwater lakes and marshes. Facilities: Visitor contact station. Activities: Boating, canoeing, fishing, hunting, camping, educational programs. Access: Unrestricted, except by weather. No roads inside the refuge, the nearest is Dalton Highway (a gravel road) which passes the western tip. Accessible primarily by aircraft. Primary Wildlife: Caribou, all 3 species of North American bears (black, grizzly, and polar), wolf, moose, wolverine, muskoxen, peregrine falcon, lynx, and snow geese. Special Features: One of the largest refuges within America's national wildlife refuge system, Arctic NWR is among the most complete, pristine, and undisturbed ecosystems on earth. (The males can weigh more than 1,500 lbs.) This is a sight few will ever see unless they're in one of the most remote reaches of the United States, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge>. One of the most pristine remaining locations on Earth, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is located above the Arctic Circle in the northeastern corner of Alaska.Fortunately or unfortunately, depending upon your viewpoint, there is an area of approximately 1.5 million acres within the reserve that is believed to be rich in oil. Whether there is enough oil for 2 years or 3 months consumption and whether there should be drilling in this section (called 1002) is an ongoing debate. Part of the debate hinges around the impact on the polar bear and caribou populations. The area is an extremely important locale for denning females who birth their cubs here, and for the porcupine caribou herds that summer on the costal plains in 1002. Currently, permission for drilling has been denied.Because it is so remote, tourism is not big in this wildlife refuge but guided trips are available. Warbelows Air Ventures provides flights from Fairbanks to the Village of Katovik, an Inupiat village in the reserve. The trips, which take place in September and early October, include a night in the village, guides, and a guarantee you'll see polar bears.Other companies such as Alaskan Alpine Treks and Alaska Discovery provide 1 to 2 week trips in June and early July that include rafting and hiking around the beautiful Brooks Range. The trip provides the opportunity to see wolves, caribou, moose, bears, arctic fox, Dall sheep, and even muskoxen. If you go in the summer, consider trying to time your trip to catch the migration of the Porcupine caribou herd, when the animals number in the thousands. You'll also experience perpetual daylight, itself an extraordinary experience. Your only concern will be dealing with mosquitoes that some locals contend are large enough to saddle and ride. The trip is a photographer's dream. If you like fishing, Arctic char and grayling are waiting for you.You'll be flying in a bush plane from Fairbanks to reach the wildlife refuge. Before you depart, take a few days to enjoy this town. There are a number of galleries offering good Eskimo art and lots of opportunities to learn about native culture. If you're there in the winter and get to see the Northern Lights, also known as the Aurora Borealis (see read more), you come home with once in a lifetime photos. National Park Service planner George Collins and biologist Lowell Sumner recruited Wilderness Society President Olaus Murie and his wife Margaret Murie into an effort to permanently protect the area. They were joined by thousands of the era's prominent conservationists. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1980, Congress passed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.Eight million acres (32,000 of the refuge, the Mollie Beattie Wilderness, are designated as wilderness area.[2] The expansion of the refuge in 1980 designated 1.5 million acres (6,100 of the coastal plain as the 1002 area and mandated studies of the natural resources of this area, especially petroleum. The remaining 10.1 million acres (40,900 of the refuge are designated as "minimal management," a category intended to maintain existing natural conditions and resource values. These areas are suitable for wilderness designation, although there are presently no proposals to designate them as wilderness.There are currently no roads within or leading into the refuge, however there are a few scattered Native settlements within. On the northern edge of the refuge is the Inupiat village of Kaktovik (population 258)[3] and on the southern boundary the Gwich'in settlement of Arctic Village (population 152).[3] A popular wilderness route and historic passage exists between the two villages, traversing the refuge and all its ecosystems from boreal, interior forest to Arctic Ocean coast. Generally, visitors gain access to the land by aircraft, but it is also possible to reach the refuge by boat or by walking (the Dalton Highway passes near the western edge of the refuge). In the United States, the geographic location most remote from human trails, roads, or settlements is found here, at the headwaters of the Sheenjek River.The refuge supports a greater variety of plant and animal life than any other protected area in the Arctic Circle. A continuum of six different ecozones spans about 200 miles (300 north to south.Along the northern coast of the refuge, the barrier isluytgands, coastal lagoons, salt marshes, and river deltas of the Arctic coastal tundra provide habitat for migratory waterbirds including sea ducks, geese, swans, and shorebirds. Fish such as dolly varden and arctic cisco are found in nearshore waters. Coastal lands and sea ice are used by caribou seeking relief from biting insects during summer, and by polar bears hunting seals and giving birth in snow dens during winter.The Arctic coastal plain stretches southward from the coast to the foothills of the Brooks Range. This area of rolling hills, small lakes, and north flowing, braided rivers is dominated by tundra vegetation consisting of low shrubs, sedges, and mosses. Caribou travel to the coastal plain during June and July to give birth and raise their young. Migratory birds and insects flourish here during the brief Arctic summer. Tens of thousands of snow geese stop here during September to feed before migrating south, and musk oxen live here year round.South of the coastal plain, the mountains of the eastern Brooks Range rise to over 9000 feet (3,000 m). This northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains marks the continental divide, with north flowing rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean and south flowing rivers joining the great Yukon River. The rugged mountains of the Brooks Range are incised by deep river valleys creating a range of elevations and aspects that support a variety of low tundra vegetation, dense shrubs, rare groves of poplar trees on the north side and spruce on the south. During summer, peregrine falcons, gyrfalcons, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs. Harlequin ducks and red breasted mergansers are seen on swift flowing rivers. Dall sheep and wolves are active all year, while grizzly bears and arctic ground squirrels are frequently seen during summer but hibernate in winter.The southern portion of the Arctic Refuge is within the Interior Alaska Yukon lowland taiga (boreal forest) ecoregion. Beginning as predominantly treeless tundra with scattered islands of black and white spruce trees, the forest becomes progressively denser as the foothills yield to the expansive flats north of the Yukon River. Frequent forest fires ignited by lightning result in a complex mosaic of birch, aspen, and spruce forests of various ages. Wetlands and south flowing rivers create openings in the forest canopy. Neotropical migratory birds breed here in spring and summer, attracted by plentiful food and the variety of habitats. Caribou travel here from farther north to spend the winter. Year round residents of the boreal forest include moose, lynx, marten, wolverines, black and grizzly bears, and wolves.
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Location: Inside the Arctic Circle, along the northernmost Alaska Canada border. Established: 1960 as the Arctic National Wildlife Range. Habitat: 19.2 million acres of coastal lagoons, barrier islands, arctic tundra, foothills, mountains, and boreal forests cut by braided rivers and streams with clusters of shallow freshwater lakes and marshes. Facilities: Visitor contact station. Activities: Boating, canoeing, fishing, hunting, camping, educational programs. Access: Unrestricted, except by weather. No roads inside the refuge, the nearest is Dalton Highway (a gravel road) which passes the western tip. Accessible primarily by aircraft. Primary Wildlife: Caribou, all 3 species of North American bears (black, grizzly, and polar), wolf, moose, wolverine, muskoxen, peregrine falcon, lynx, and snow geese. Special Features: One of the largest refuges within America's national wildlife refuge system, Arctic NWR is among the most complete, pristine, and undisturbed ecosystems on earth. (The males can weigh more than 1,500 lbs.) This is a sight few will ever see unless they're in one of the most remote reaches of the United States, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge>. One of the most pristine remaining locations on Earth, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is located above the Arctic Circle in the northeastern corner of Alaska.Fortunately or unfortunately, depending upon your viewpoint, there is an area of approximately 1.5 million acres within the reserve that is believed to be rich in oil. Whether there is enough oil for 2 years or 3 months consumption and whether there should be drilling in this section (called 1002) is an ongoing debate. Part of the debate hinges around the impact on the polar bear and caribou populations. The area is an extremely important locale for denning females who birth their cubs here, and for the porcupine caribou herds that summer on the costal plains in 1002. Currently, permission for drilling has been denied.Because it is so remote, tourism is not big in this wildlife refuge but guided trips are available. Warbelows Air Ventures provides flights from Fairbanks to the Village of Katovik, an Inupiat village in the reserve. The trips, which take place in September and early October, include a night in the village, guides, and a guarantee you'll see polar bears.Other companies such as Alaskan Alpine Treks and Alaska Discovery provide 1 to 2 week trips in June and early July that include rafting and hiking around the beautiful Brooks Range. The trip provides the opportunity to see wolves, caribou, moose, bears, arctic fox, Dall sheep, and even muskoxen. If you go in the summer, consider trying to time your trip to catch the migration of the Porcupine caribou herd, when the animals number in the thousands. You'll also experience perpetual daylight, itself an extraordinary experience. Your only concern will be dealing with mosquitoes that some locals contend are large enough to saddle and ride. The trip is a photographer's dream. If you like fishing, Arctic char and grayling are waiting for you.You'll be flying in a bush plane from Fairbanks to reach the wildlife refuge. Before you depart, take a few days to enjoy this town. There are a number of galleries offering good Eskimo art and lots of opportunities to learn about native culture. If you're there in the winter and get to see the Northern Lights, also known as the Aurora Borealis (see read more), you come home with once in a lifetime photos. National Park Service planner George Collins and biologist Lowell Sumner recruited Wilderness Society President Olaus Murie and his wife Margaret Murie into an effort to permanently protect the area. They were joined by thousands of the era's prominent conservationists. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1980, Congress passed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.Eight million acres (32,000 of the refuge, the Mollie Beattie Wilderness, are designated as wilderness area.[2] The expansion of the refuge in 1980 designated 1.5 million acres (6,100 of the coastal plain as the 1002 area and mandated studies of the natural resources of this area, especially petroleum. The remaining 10.1 million acres (40,900 of the refuge are designated as "minimal management," a category intended to maintain existing natural conditions and resource values. These areas are suitable for wilderness designation, although there are presently no proposals to designate them as wilderness.There are currently no roads within or leading into the refuge, however there are a few scattered Native settlements within. On the northern edge of the refuge is the Inupiat village of Kaktovik (population 258)[3] and on the southern boundary the Gwich'in settlement of Arctic Village (population 152).[3] A popular wilderness route and historic passage exists between the two villages, traversing the refuge and all its ecosystems from boreal, interior forest to Arctic Ocean coast. Generally, visitors gain access to the land by aircraft, but it is also possible to reach the refuge by boat or by walking (the Dalton Highway passes near the western edge of the refuge). In the United States, the geographic location most remote from human trails, roads, or settlements is found here, at the headwaters of the Sheenjek River.The refuge supports a greater variety of plant and animal life than any other protected area in the Arctic Circle. A continuum of six different ecozones spans about 200 miles (300 north to south.Along the northern coast of the refuge, the barrier isluytgands, coastal lagoons, salt marshes, and river deltas of the Arctic coastal tundra provide habitat for migratory waterbirds including sea ducks, geese, swans, and shorebirds. Fish such as dolly varden and arctic cisco are found in nearshore waters. Coastal lands and sea ice are used by caribou seeking relief from biting insects during summer, and by polar bears hunting seals and giving birth in snow dens during winter.The Arctic coastal plain stretches southward from the coast to the foothills of the Brooks Range. This area of rolling hills, small lakes, and north flowing, braided rivers is dominated by tundra vegetation consisting of low shrubs, sedges, and mosses. Caribou travel to the coastal plain during June and July to give birth and raise their young. Migratory birds and insects flourish here during the brief Arctic summer. Tens of thousands of snow geese stop here during September to feed before migrating south, and musk oxen live here year round.South of the coastal plain, the mountains of the eastern Brooks Range rise to over 9000 feet (3,000 m). This northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains marks the continental divide, with north flowing rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean and south flowing rivers joining the great Yukon River. The rugged mountains of the Brooks Range are incised by deep river valleys creating a range of elevations and aspects that support a variety of low tundra vegetation, dense shrubs, rare groves of poplar trees on the north side and spruce on the south. During summer, peregrine falcons, gyrfalcons, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs. Harlequin ducks and red breasted mergansers are seen on swift flowing rivers. Dall sheep and wolves are active all year, while grizzly bears and arctic ground squirrels are frequently seen during summer but hibernate in winter.The southern portion of the Arctic Refuge is within the Interior Alaska Yukon lowland taiga (boreal forest) ecoregion. Beginning as predominantly treeless tundra with scattered islands of black and white spruce trees, the forest becomes progressively denser as the foothills yield to the expansive flats north of the Yukon River. Frequent forest fires ignited by lightning result in a complex mosaic of birch, aspen, and spruce forests of various ages. Wetlands and south flowing rivers create openings in the forest canopy. Neotropical migratory birds breed here in spring and summer, attracted by plentiful food and the variety of habitats. Caribou travel here from farther north to spend the winter. Year round residents of the boreal forest include moose, lynx, marten, wolverines, black and grizzly bears, and wolves.
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Location: Inside the Arctic Circle, along the northernmost Alaska Canada border. Established: 1960 as the Arctic National Wildlife Range. Habitat: 19.2 million acres of coastal lagoons, barrier islands, arctic tundra, foothills, mountains, and boreal forests cut by braided rivers and streams with clusters of shallow freshwater lakes and marshes. Facilities: Visitor contact station. Activities: Boating, canoeing, fishing, hunting, camping, educational programs. Access: Unrestricted, except by weather. No roads inside the refuge, the nearest is Dalton Highway (a gravel road) which passes the western tip. Accessible primarily by aircraft. Primary Wildlife: Caribou, all 3 species of North American bears (black, grizzly, and polar), wolf, moose, wolverine, muskoxen, peregrine falcon, lynx, and snow geese. Special Features: One of the largest refuges within America's national wildlife refuge system, Arctic NWR is among the most complete, pristine, and undisturbed ecosystems on earth. (The males can weigh more than 1,500 lbs.) This is a sight few will ever see unless they're in one of the most remote reaches of the United States, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge>. One of the most pristine remaining locations on Earth, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is located above the Arctic Circle in the northeastern corner of Alaska.Fortunately or unfortunately, depending upon your viewpoint, there is an area of approximately 1.5 million acres within the reserve that is believed to be rich in oil. Whether there is enough oil for 2 years or 3 months consumption and whether there should be drilling in this section (called 1002) is an ongoing debate. Part of the debate hinges around the impact on the polar bear and caribou populations. The area is an extremely important locale for denning females who birth their cubs here, and for the porcupine caribou herds that summer on the costal plains in 1002. Currently, permission for drilling has been denied.Because it is so remote, tourism is not big in this wildlife refuge but guided trips are available. Warbelows Air Ventures provides flights from Fairbanks to the Village of Katovik, an Inupiat village in the reserve. The trips, which take place in September and early October, include a night in the village, guides, and a guarantee you'll see polar bears.Other companies such as Alaskan Alpine Treks and Alaska Discovery provide 1 to 2 week trips in June and early July that include rafting and hiking around the beautiful Brooks Range. The trip provides the opportunity to see wolves, caribou, moose, bears, arctic fox, Dall sheep, and even muskoxen. If you go in the summer, consider trying to time your trip to catch the migration of the Porcupine caribou herd, when the animals number in the thousands. You'll also experience perpetual daylight, itself an extraordinary experience. Your only concern will be dealing with mosquitoes that some locals contend are large enough to saddle and ride. The trip is a photographer's dream. If you like fishing, Arctic char and grayling are waiting for you.You'll be flying in a bush plane from Fairbanks to reach the wildlife refuge. Before you depart, take a few days to enjoy this town. There are a number of galleries offering good Eskimo art and lots of opportunities to learn about native culture. If you're there in the winter and get to see the Northern Lights, also known as the Aurora Borealis (see read more), you come home with once in a lifetime photos. National Park Service planner George Collins and biologist Lowell Sumner recruited Wilderness Society President Olaus Murie and his wife Margaret Murie into an effort to permanently protect the area. They were joined by thousands of the era's prominent conservationists. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1980, Congress passed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.Eight million acres (32,000 of the refuge, the Mollie Beattie Wilderness, are designated as wilderness area.[2] The expansion of the refuge in 1980 designated 1.5 million acres (6,100 of the coastal plain as the 1002 area and mandated studies of the natural resources of this area, especially petroleum. The remaining 10.1 million acres (40,900 of the refuge are designated as "minimal management," a category intended to maintain existing natural conditions and resource values. These areas are suitable for wilderness designation, although there are presently no proposals to designate them as wilderness.There are currently no roads within or leading into the refuge, however there are a few scattered Native settlements within. On the northern edge of the refuge is the Inupiat village of Kaktovik (population 258)[3] and on the southern boundary the Gwich'in settlement of Arctic Village (population 152).[3] A popular wilderness route and historic passage exists between the two villages, traversing the refuge and all its ecosystems from boreal, interior forest to Arctic Ocean coast. Generally, visitors gain access to the land by aircraft, but it is also possible to reach the refuge by boat or by walking (the Dalton Highway passes near the western edge of the refuge). In the United States, the geographic location most remote from human trails, roads, or settlements is found here, at the headwaters of the Sheenjek River.The refuge supports a greater variety of plant and animal life than any other protected area in the Arctic Circle. A continuum of six different ecozones spans about 200 miles (300 north to south.Along the northern coast of the refuge, the barrier isluytgands, coastal lagoons, salt marshes, and river deltas of the Arctic coastal tundra provide habitat for migratory waterbirds including sea ducks, geese, swans, and shorebirds. Fish such as dolly varden and arctic cisco are found in nearshore waters. Coastal lands and sea ice are used by caribou seeking relief from biting insects during summer, and by polar bears hunting seals and giving birth in snow dens during winter.The Arctic coastal plain stretches southward from the coast to the foothills of the Brooks Range. This area of rolling hills, small lakes, and north flowing, braided rivers is dominated by tundra vegetation consisting of low shrubs, sedges, and mosses. Caribou travel to the coastal plain during June and July to give birth and raise their young. Migratory birds and insects flourish here during the brief Arctic summer. Tens of thousands of snow geese stop here during September to feed before migrating south, and musk oxen live here year round.South of the coastal plain, the mountains of the eastern Brooks Range rise to over 9000 feet (3,000 m). This northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains marks the continental divide, with north flowing rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean and south flowing rivers joining the great Yukon River. The rugged mountains of the Brooks Range are incised by deep river valleys creating a range of elevations and aspects that support a variety of low tundra vegetation, dense shrubs, rare groves of poplar trees on the north side and spruce on the south. During summer, peregrine falcons, gyrfalcons, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs. Harlequin ducks and red breasted mergansers are seen on swift flowing rivers. Dall sheep and wolves are active all year, while grizzly bears and arctic ground squirrels are frequently seen during summer but hibernate in winter.The southern portion of the Arctic Refuge is within the Interior Alaska Yukon lowland taiga (boreal forest) ecoregion. Beginning as predominantly treeless tundra with scattered islands of black and white spruce trees, the forest becomes progressively denser as the foothills yield to the expansive flats north of the Yukon River. Frequent forest fires ignited by lightning result in a complex mosaic of birch, aspen, and spruce forests of various ages. Wetlands and south flowing rivers create openings in the forest canopy. Neotropical migratory birds breed here in spring and summer, attracted by plentiful food and the variety of habitats. Caribou travel here from farther north to spend the winter. Year round residents of the boreal forest include moose, lynx, marten, wolverines, black and grizzly bears, and wolves.
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Location: Inside the Arctic Circle, along the northernmost Alaska Canada border. Established: 1960 as the Arctic National Wildlife Range. Habitat: 19.2 million acres of coastal lagoons, barrier islands, arctic tundra, foothills, mountains, and boreal forests cut by braided rivers and streams with clusters of shallow freshwater lakes and marshes. Facilities: Visitor contact station. Activities: Boating, canoeing, fishing, hunting, camping, educational programs. Access: Unrestricted, except by weather. No roads inside the refuge, the nearest is Dalton Highway (a gravel road) which passes the western tip. Accessible primarily by aircraft. Primary Wildlife: Caribou, all 3 species of North American bears (black, grizzly, and polar), wolf, moose, wolverine, muskoxen, peregrine falcon, lynx, and snow geese. Special Features: One of the largest refuges within America's national wildlife refuge system, Arctic NWR is among the most complete, pristine, and undisturbed ecosystems on earth. (The males can weigh more than 1,500 lbs.) This is a sight few will ever see unless they're in one of the most remote reaches of the United States, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge>. One of the most pristine remaining locations on Earth, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is located above the Arctic Circle in the northeastern corner of Alaska.Fortunately or unfortunately, depending upon your viewpoint, there is an area of approximately 1.5 million acres within the reserve that is believed to be rich in oil. Whether there is enough oil for 2 years or 3 months consumption and whether there should be drilling in this section (called 1002) is an ongoing debate. Part of the debate hinges around the impact on the polar bear and caribou populations. The area is an extremely important locale for denning females who birth their cubs here, and for the porcupine caribou herds that summer on the costal plains in 1002. Currently, permission for drilling has been denied.Because it is so remote, tourism is not big in this wildlife refuge but guided trips are available. Warbelows Air Ventures provides flights from Fairbanks to the Village of Katovik, an Inupiat village in the reserve. The trips, which take place in September and early October, include a night in the village, guides, and a guarantee you'll see polar bears.Other companies such as Alaskan Alpine Treks and Alaska Discovery provide 1 to 2 week trips in June and early July that include rafting and hiking around the beautiful Brooks Range. The trip provides the opportunity to see wolves, caribou, moose, bears, arctic fox, Dall sheep, and even muskoxen. If you go in the summer, consider trying to time your trip to catch the migration of the Porcupine caribou herd, when the animals number in the thousands. You'll also experience perpetual daylight, itself an extraordinary experience. Your only concern will be dealing with mosquitoes that some locals contend are large enough to saddle and ride. The trip is a photographer's dream. If you like fishing, Arctic char and grayling are waiting for you.You'll be flying in a bush plane from Fairbanks to reach the wildlife refuge. Before you depart, take a few days to enjoy this town. There are a number of galleries offering good Eskimo art and lots of opportunities to learn about native culture. If you're there in the winter and get to see the Northern Lights, also known as the Aurora Borealis (see read more), you come home with once in a lifetime photos. National Park Service planner George Collins and biologist Lowell Sumner recruited Wilderness Society President Olaus Murie and his wife Margaret Murie into an effort to permanently protect the area. They were joined by thousands of the era's prominent conservationists. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1980, Congress passed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.Eight million acres (32,000 of the refuge, the Mollie Beattie Wilderness, are designated as wilderness area.[2] The expansion of the refuge in 1980 designated 1.5 million acres (6,100 of the coastal plain as the 1002 area and mandated studies of the natural resources of this area, especially petroleum. The remaining 10.1 million acres (40,900 of the refuge are designated as "minimal management," a category intended to maintain existing natural conditions and resource values. These areas are suitable for wilderness designation, although there are presently no proposals to designate them as wilderness.There are currently no roads within or leading into the refuge, however there are a few scattered Native settlements within. On the northern edge of the refuge is the Inupiat village of Kaktovik (population 258)[3] and on the southern boundary the Gwich'in settlement of Arctic Village (population 152).[3] A popular wilderness route and historic passage exists between the two villages, traversing the refuge and all its ecosystems from boreal, interior forest to Arctic Ocean coast. Generally, visitors gain access to the land by aircraft, but it is also possible to reach the refuge by boat or by walking (the Dalton Highway passes near the western edge of the refuge). In the United States, the geographic location most remote from human trails, roads, or settlements is found here, at the headwaters of the Sheenjek River.The refuge supports a greater variety of plant and animal life than any other protected area in the Arctic Circle. A continuum of six different ecozones spans about 200 miles (300 north to south.Along the northern coast of the refuge, the barrier isluytgands, coastal lagoons, salt marshes, and river deltas of the Arctic coastal tundra provide habitat for migratory waterbirds including sea ducks, geese, swans, and shorebirds. Fish such as dolly varden and arctic cisco are found in nearshore waters. Coastal lands and sea ice are used by caribou seeking relief from biting insects during summer, and by polar bears hunting seals and giving birth in snow dens during winter.The Arctic coastal plain stretches southward from the coast to the foothills of the Brooks Range. This area of rolling hills, small lakes, and north flowing, braided rivers is dominated by tundra vegetation consisting of low shrubs, sedges, and mosses. Caribou travel to the coastal plain during June and July to give birth and raise their young. Migratory birds and insects flourish here during the brief Arctic summer. Tens of thousands of snow geese stop here during September to feed before migrating south, and musk oxen live here year round.South of the coastal plain, the mountains of the eastern Brooks Range rise to over 9000 feet (3,000 m). This northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains marks the continental divide, with north flowing rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean and south flowing rivers joining the great Yukon River. The rugged mountains of the Brooks Range are incised by deep river valleys creating a range of elevations and aspects that support a variety of low tundra vegetation, dense shrubs, rare groves of poplar trees on the north side and spruce on the south. During summer, peregrine falcons, gyrfalcons, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs. Harlequin ducks and red breasted mergansers are seen on swift flowing rivers. Dall sheep and wolves are active all year, while grizzly bears and arctic ground squirrels are frequently seen during summer but hibernate in winter.The southern portion of the Arctic Refuge is within the Interior Alaska Yukon lowland taiga (boreal forest) ecoregion. Beginning as predominantly treeless tundra with scattered islands of black and white spruce trees, the forest becomes progressively denser as the foothills yield to the expansive flats north of the Yukon River. Frequent forest fires ignited by lightning result in a complex mosaic of birch, aspen, and spruce forests of various ages. Wetlands and south flowing rivers create openings in the forest canopy. Neotropical migratory birds breed here in spring and summer, attracted by plentiful food and the variety of habitats. Caribou travel here from farther north to spend the winter. Year round residents of the boreal forest include moose, lynx, marten, wolverines, black and grizzly bears, and wolves.
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Location: Inside the Arctic Circle, along the northernmost Alaska Canada border. Established: 1960 as the Arctic National Wildlife Range. Habitat: 19.2 million acres of coastal lagoons, barrier islands, arctic tundra, foothills, mountains, and boreal forests cut by braided rivers and streams with clusters of shallow freshwater lakes and marshes. Facilities: Visitor contact station. Activities: Boating, canoeing, fishing, hunting, camping, educational programs. Access: Unrestricted, except by weather. No roads inside the refuge, the nearest is Dalton Highway (a gravel road) which passes the western tip. Accessible primarily by aircraft. Primary Wildlife: Caribou, all 3 species of North American bears (black, grizzly, and polar), wolf, moose, wolverine, muskoxen, peregrine falcon, lynx, and snow geese. Special Features: One of the largest refuges within America's national wildlife refuge system, Arctic NWR is among the most complete, pristine, and undisturbed ecosystems on earth. (The males can weigh more than 1,500 lbs.) This is a sight few will ever see unless they're in one of the most remote reaches of the United States, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge>. One of the most pristine remaining locations on Earth, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is located above the Arctic Circle in the northeastern corner of Alaska.Fortunately or unfortunately, depending upon your viewpoint, there is an area of approximately 1.5 million acres within the reserve that is believed to be rich in oil. Whether there is enough oil for 2 years or 3 months consumption and whether there should be drilling in this section (called 1002) is an ongoing debate. Part of the debate hinges around the impact on the polar bear and caribou populations. The area is an extremely important locale for denning females who birth their cubs here, and for the porcupine caribou herds that summer on the costal plains in 1002. Currently, permission for drilling has been denied.Because it is so remote, tourism is not big in this wildlife refuge but guided trips are available. Warbelows Air Ventures provides flights from Fairbanks to the Village of Katovik, an Inupiat village in the reserve. The trips, which take place in September and early October, include a night in the village, guides, and a guarantee you'll see polar bears.Other companies such as Alaskan Alpine Treks and Alaska Discovery provide 1 to 2 week trips in June and early July that include rafting and hiking around the beautiful Brooks Range. The trip provides the opportunity to see wolves, caribou, moose, bears, arctic fox, Dall sheep, and even muskoxen. If you go in the summer, consider trying to time your trip to catch the migration of the Porcupine caribou herd, when the animals number in the thousands. You'll also experience perpetual daylight, itself an extraordinary experience. Your only concern will be dealing with mosquitoes that some locals contend are large enough to saddle and ride. The trip is a photographer's dream. If you like fishing, Arctic char and grayling are waiting for you.You'll be flying in a bush plane from Fairbanks to reach the wildlife refuge. Before you depart, take a few days to enjoy this town. There are a number of galleries offering good Eskimo art and lots of opportunities to learn about native culture. If you're there in the winter and get to see the Northern Lights, also known as the Aurora Borealis (see read more), you come home with once in a lifetime photos. National Park Service planner George Collins and biologist Lowell Sumner recruited Wilderness Society President Olaus Murie and his wife Margaret Murie into an effort to permanently protect the area. They were joined by thousands of the era's prominent conservationists. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1980, Congress passed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.Eight million acres (32,000 of the refuge, the Mollie Beattie Wilderness, are designated as wilderness area.[2] The expansion of the refuge in 1980 designated 1.5 million acres (6,100 of the coastal plain as the 1002 area and mandated studies of the natural resources of this area, especially petroleum. The remaining 10.1 million acres (40,900 of the refuge are designated as "minimal management," a category intended to maintain existing natural conditions and resource values. These areas are suitable for wilderness designation, although there are presently no proposals to designate them as wilderness.There are currently no roads within or leading into the refuge, however there are a few scattered Native settlements within. On the northern edge of the refuge is the Inupiat village of Kaktovik (population 258)[3] and on the southern boundary the Gwich'in settlement of Arctic Village (population 152).[3] A popular wilderness route and historic passage exists between the two villages, traversing the refuge and all its ecosystems from boreal, interior forest to Arctic Ocean coast. Generally, visitors gain access to the land by aircraft, but it is also possible to reach the refuge by boat or by walking (the Dalton Highway passes near the western edge of the refuge). In the United States, the geographic location most remote from human trails, roads, or settlements is found here, at the headwaters of the Sheenjek River.The refuge supports a greater variety of plant and animal life than any other protected area in the Arctic Circle. A continuum of six different ecozones spans about 200 miles (300 north to south.Along the northern coast of the refuge, the barrier isluytgands, coastal lagoons, salt marshes, and river deltas of the Arctic coastal tundra provide habitat for migratory waterbirds including sea ducks, geese, swans, and shorebirds. Fish such as dolly varden and arctic cisco are found in nearshore waters. Coastal lands and sea ice are used by caribou seeking relief from biting insects during summer, and by polar bears hunting seals and giving birth in snow dens during winter.The Arctic coastal plain stretches southward from the coast to the foothills of the Brooks Range. This area of rolling hills, small lakes, and north flowing, braided rivers is dominated by tundra vegetation consisting of low shrubs, sedges, and mosses. Caribou travel to the coastal plain during June and July to give birth and raise their young. Migratory birds and insects flourish here during the brief Arctic summer. Tens of thousands of snow geese stop here during September to feed before migrating south, and musk oxen live here year round.South of the coastal plain, the mountains of the eastern Brooks Range rise to over 9000 feet (3,000 m). This northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains marks the continental divide, with north flowing rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean and south flowing rivers joining the great Yukon River. The rugged mountains of the Brooks Range are incised by deep river valleys creating a range of elevations and aspects that support a variety of low tundra vegetation, dense shrubs, rare groves of poplar trees on the north side and spruce on the south. During summer, peregrine falcons, gyrfalcons, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs. Harlequin ducks and red breasted mergansers are seen on swift flowing rivers. Dall sheep and wolves are active all year, while grizzly bears and arctic ground squirrels are frequently seen during summer but hibernate in winter.The southern portion of the Arctic Refuge is within the Interior Alaska Yukon lowland taiga (boreal forest) ecoregion. Beginning as predominantly treeless tundra with scattered islands of black and white spruce trees, the forest becomes progressively denser as the foothills yield to the expansive flats north of the Yukon River. Frequent forest fires ignited by lightning result in a complex mosaic of birch, aspen, and spruce forests of various ages. Wetlands and south flowing rivers create openings in the forest canopy. Neotropical migratory birds breed here in spring and summer, attracted by plentiful food and the variety of habitats. Caribou travel here from farther north to spend the winter. Year round residents of the boreal forest include moose, lynx, marten, wolverines, black and grizzly bears, and wolves.